Starbucks Wide Acceptance By The Public Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Starbucks Wide Acceptance By The Public - Essay Example As indicated by the Corporate Social Responsibility Report of 2005, Starbucks due to its wide acknowledgment by general society is offering back to networks and the earth. It likewise approaches individuals with deference and poise. The organization is committed to serving the world's best espresso to everybody all over the place and whenever. The organization exhibits its convictions in the core values of their statement of purpose in the manner they work together. The organization expressed that truth be told, corporate social obligation at Starbucks runs profoundly all through our organization. Here are a portion of the responsibilities we've made to work together in a socially dependable manner.2 The August 15, 2002 issue of Eurofood expressed that Starbucks espresso of the United Kingdom has boisterously declared that it will present the Starbucks Organic Shade Grown Mexico espresso in Starbucks stores in the United Kingdom. This espresso nutrition type is affirmed to be 100% natural by the Soil Association. The presentation of Starbucks Organic Shade Grown Mexico espresso was the comprehension among Starbucks and Conservation International. This association will give the ranchers financial advantages in the event that they will utilize earth inviting sound farming strategies to protect tropical biodiversity. Starbucks of the United... We are charmed that Starbucks is stepping up in propelling Organic Shade Grown Mexico and that they have selected to collaborate with the Soil Association for natural affirmation customers truly trust. Protection International is a charitable association that the present characteristic legacy of our planet ought to be safeguarded all together for our youngsters and our's kids to appreciate regarding profoundly, socially and monetarily.

Explaining Regional Integration

Question: Researchers of global relations differ about the reasons that lead states to seek after local incorporation game plans. What hypothesis best clarifies the production of ASEAN? Why? Given the hypothetical methodologies that we have perused, do you accept that the individuals from ASEAN are probably going to seek after more profound incorporation later on? Why, or why not? Answer: Monetary regionalism has seen an extensive development in the ongoing years due to the issues produced by contradiction and intrigue. Globalization is one of the striking attributes of the advanced framework at the worldwide level. Not many individuals were associated with the World Trade Organization Agreement in the year 2005. The South Asian nations did not have the game plan of territorial security. In this manner, the requirement for formation of ASEAN emerged. There are hypotheses that clarify the production of ASEAN (Acharya and Amitav 2014). Neoliberalism shows to a methodology that passes by the hypothesis that the States are and should be troubled basically with the supreme increases than the relative additions to different states (Przeworski and Adam 2014). This hypothesis is the primary institutional hypothesis in the transcendent hypothesis of worldwide relations of North America. The hypothesis characterizes associations as to be made and kept up by the states for servi ng their inclinations. The association has been increasing an invaluable circumstance since its development. ASEAN is at intersection in the ongoing occasions (Cai and David 2014). Its motivation that was set at first has been achieved, and this has kept Southeastern piece of Asia from the event of wars any further which followed the Indochina Wars. More than any Asian foundations, ASEAN attempted in advancing exchange for nothing in the provincial zones, changing the basic markets, and make Asia to autonomously deal with the monetary emergency that would happen later on. ASEAN may coordinate new and numerous individuals from the framework later on which could be troublesome than to assimilate the territory countries of Southeast in the time of the 1990s. Despite the fact that the ASEAN targets fortifying its secretariat and finishes its understanding of unhindered commerce, it must not be tolerating new individuals (Henderson and Jeannie 2014). Expansion can be resolved with the assistance of assent of th e current individuals, and the part conditions of ASEAN have been fruitless in consenting to stretch out the support to East Timor that ended up being a nondependent country in the year 2002. It has instilled Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar, those three nations that have less authorities who are prepared in assuming an essential job in the gatherings of the ASEAN. Consequently, the more extravagant individuals from the ASEAN have begun stressing that despite the fact that Laos and Cambodia have not yet greater and current outside administrations, the expansion of East Timor would trouble the establishment further, more slow the pace of the gatherings and upgrade the degree of trouble of misrepresenting the accord. The individuals who had protested additionally stressed that by augmentation of the entrance to East Timor, the ASEAN may firmly give out signs to different nations of that zone that they may join. Despite the fact that, the ASEAN had bolstered Indonesia, which was the biggest part condition of the ASEAN, the odds of East Timor for augmentation search splendid for the coming ten years. The individuals from ASEAN have confidence in institutional hypothesis and in this manner, they don't tune in to the part states having less authorities. The association was mixed in the year 1997. Notwithstanding, it was not completely shaken by the money related emergency in Asia. Along these lines, the affiliation was aroused and they thought of extending the reconciliation and anticipating their administrative and socialization process in Northeast Asia (Henderson and Jeannie 2014). Reference List Acharya, Amitav.Constructing a security network in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the issue of provincial request. Routledge, 2014. Przeworski, Adam.The state and the economy under free enterprise. Routledge, 2014. Cai, David.ASEAN'S Strategic Approach Towards Security Relations with the US and China: Hedging through a Common Foreign and Security Policy. Armed force COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE FORT LEAVENWORTH KS, 2014. Henderson, Jeannie.Reassessing Asean. Routledge, 2014.

Dulles, Allen Welsh

Dulles, Allen Welsh Dulles, Allen Welsh dul ´?s [key], 1893â€"1969, U.S. public official, b. Watertown, N.Y.; brother of John Foster Dulles . The Dulles brothers, born into America's political establishment, became extremely influential governmental figures, and during the cold war they played principal roles in the developing and implementing United States' interventionist foreign policy. Allen entered the diplomatic service in 1916 and became (1922) chief of the State Deptartment's division of Near Eastern affairs. In 1926 he resigned to practice law. During World War II he was a prominent member of the Office of Strategic Services . Returning (1951) to government service as deputy director of the Central Intelligence Agency , Dulles became director in 1953. Under his leadership, the CIA was strengthened and made a more effective element in the U.S. intelligence system. Dulles resigned in 1961 after a series of events (most notably the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba) in which the CIA played a co ntroversial role and aroused much criticism. His works include Germany's Underground (1947), The Craft of Intelligence (1963), and Secret Surrender (1966). See biography by P. Grose (1994); S. Kinzer, The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (2013). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

India s Tobacco Advertising Ban - 1018 Words

India s Tobacco Advertising Ban The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that worldwide, five million tobacco users die annually and estimates that one million Indians die each year prematurely from tobacco use (2015). As late at 2009, India was â€Å"the world’s second-largest consumer and third-largest producer of tobacco† (Economist, 2009, p. 5). In an attempt to reduce consumption, India introduced its first adverting ban on tobacco in 1990, followed in 2003 by the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) to close loopholes and further regulate tobacco adverting. This paper examines the arguments for and against these advertising bans and explores whether or not tobacco creates a conflict of interest when governments profit from the tobacco industry. For the Ban The most compelling reason to ban tobacco advertising is the growing body of evidence linking tobacco ads to increased tobacco use, particularly children. Studies following a 1998 settlement prohibiting U.S. tobacco companies from targeting American youth have shown a steady decline, with the lowest levels in forty years of teenage smoking reported in 2015. Despite COTPA, Indian youth’s exposure to cigarette advertising has increased in part because of aggressive point-of-sale marketing, promotional support of music and sporting events, through social media, and smoking portrayed in Bollywood films. Multiple authorities agree that a ban on tobacco advertising has to be all-encompassing and free fromShow MoreRelatedIndia s Ban On Tobacco Advertising849 Words   |  4 PagesIndia in 2001 proposed a ban on tobacco advertisement in an effort to curb tobacco use with adolescents. It was met with sharp criticism from the tobacco industry. However, some saw it as a great move by the government in looking after the welfare of its citizens. I hope to explore in the essay each side’s voice as well as deal with the myriad of issues the government faced upon the bans proposal. Lastly I will give my opinion on what position the government should take. One the main arguments forRead MoreThe Ban On Advertising Tobacco Products885 Words   |  4 PagesThe ban put on advertising tobacco products in India has caused a lot of debates. Some say it violates the constitution, others say it saves lives. Each side sets a valid argument, but which side is right? These bans do not only exist in India. They have been put into action in many different countries as well. Tobacco use kills 5.4 million people a year, averaging at about half of all smokers. (W.H.O.-Facts) I think that everyone is aware of how bad tobacco use is for your health. What peopleRead MoreBan On Tobacco By The Government Of India1078 Words   |  5 PagesBAN ON TOBACCO BY THE GOVERMENT OF INDIA INTRODUCTION According to Brown Williamson Tobacco Corporation â€Å"From an ethical standpoint, it would be wrong to try to cause people to take the risk of smoking. But even beyond the moral issue, for a product such as cigarettes well known to have serious health risks, it would be difficult even to understand how an advertising campaign could be devised to convince people to smoke. India s tobacco problem is very complex; the quote above depicts how ethicallyRead MoreTobacco Advertising And Its Influence On The World971 Words   |  4 Pagesinto the night is the influence of tobacco advertising and its influence on the populous. Recently to join the discourse was the government of India versus the tobacco conglomerates. The Indian government hopes to follow suit of many other nations including: France, Finland, Norway, Canada and New Zealand who already imposed bans on cigarette advertising with successful results. The tobacco industry, however, holds their position that by placing a ban on advertising is controlling the opinion of theRead MoreEthical Challenges Of Tobacco Advertisements1170 Words   |  5 PagesETHICAL CHALLENGES OF TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENTS 1 Ethical Challenges of Banning Indian Tobacco Advertisements Poitier Stringer University of the People ETHICAL CHALLENGES OF TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENTS 2 Ethical Challenges of Banning Indian Tobacco Advertisements The tobacco industry has long presented ethical challenges for governments that are tasked with looking after the public good. Tobacco producers have provided significant revenue for many economies, yet they specialize in the manufacturing and distributionRead MoreThe Ban On Tobacco Advertising987 Words   |  4 PagesOn Feb 6, 2001, Government of India announced a bill banning Tobacco Companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The objective was to discourage adolescents from consuming tobacco products and also arm the Government with powers to launch an anti-Tobacco Program. Summarize the arguments for the ban on tobacco advertising in India. Advocates of free choice opposed to these prohibitions, saying these amounted to unwarranted intrusion by the state into theRead MoreThe Argument Against Ban On Tobacco Related Advertising850 Words   |  4 Pagesof the ban on tobacco related advertising in India are plentiful. First, proponents of the ban assert that the state has the right to intervene in the name of public health. Second, there are other precedents for dangerous or potentially dangerous products’ advertising being restricted such as firearms or pharmaceuticals. Third, tobacco related deaths are projected to increase over the next few years and we need to take action to stem the flow of new users. Fourth, youth targeted advertising campaignsRead MoreBan Tobacco Advertising Is The Right Move909 Words   |  4 Pages the Government of India proposed a bill that would place a ban on tobacco ads to discourage the use of tobacco products among the teenagers. This decision gave rise to a huge debate about the et hical responsibility of the government on the use of tobacco products. In this analytical essay, the arguments of the proponents that are both in favor and opposed to the ban will be summarized, while discussing the conflict of interest that exists among the government and the tobacco companies. Lastly,Read MoreBan Tobacco Advertising Is The Right Move908 Words   |  4 Pages the Government of India proposed a bill that would place a ban on tobacco ads to discourage the use of tobacco products among the teenagers. This decision gave rise to a huge debate about the ethical responsibility of the government on the use of tobacco products. In this analytical essay, the arguments of the proponents that are both in favor and opposed to the ban will be summarized, while discussing the conflict of interest that exists among the government and the tobacco companies. Lastly,Read MoreThe Government Of India ( Goi ) Proposed Ban On Tobacco Advertising946 Words   |  4 PagesThe Government of India (GOI) proposed ban on tobacco advertising was not unusual keeping in view the international precedents. Countries like France, Finland, and Norway had already imposed similar bans. An example is Belgium whose Supreme Court (of Appeal in 1981, gave its ruling that a ban on tobacco advertising was not unconstitutional. In a case which started in 1991 and ended in 1997, RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, marketer of Camel cigarettes, was forced to withdraw its mascot, Joe Carmel, an

Needs Assessment for Worksite Health Promotion Program

FNH 8613 Design amp; Administration of Health Promotion Programs Mississippi State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion Needs Assessment Guidelines A. Identification of the Setting – Identify the setting in which your program will take place. Be specific in describing the setting by including as much information as possible. a. Name of the community, school, etc Mississippi Care Center of Alcorn Co b. Subpopulations of interest____Employees at the facility______________ c. Identify three primary health outcomes of interest. These are based on your perceptions of the conditions affecting your population. As your needs assessment†¦show more content†¦Be sure that the remainder of your needs assessment steps reflects the type selected here. Due to the lack of data collected in the past, action/participatory research will work the best for this needs assessment. I will have more luck collecting data by participation and interviews. Observation, surveys, and interviews will be the best way to collect information and determined the needs and wants of the target audience. C. Gathering Data h. Data from scientific literature – Depending on the population and behaviors being studied, it is possible to identify some of the health priorities of a population by reviewing literature. Although there may not be published data on your specific population, studies completed within similar settings may provide useful information. Identify five published studies that may be of use in your needs assessment. 5. Machen, R., Cuddihy, T., Reaburn, P., amp; Higgins, H. (2010). Development of a workplace wellness promotion pilot framework: A case study of the blue care staff wellness program. Asia-Pacific Journal of Health, Sport, and Physical Education, 1(2), 8-13. Workplace wellness programs are currently unreflective of the multidimensional and holistic nature of the wellness construct. There exists an opportunity for health promoters to move toward models of workplace wellness promotion that moreShow MoreRelatedHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention996 Words   |  4 PagesHealth promotion and disease prevention encompass many similar contributing factors. Disease prevention is often defined as a medical based model targeting a person’s biology not the person as a whole and focuses on maintaining one’s health (Tengland, 2010). Where health promotion involves activities of wellbeing and the goal is to improve the bodies state of health (Tengland, 2010). Although these two concepts may be approached and implemented differently behavioral risk factors play major rolesRead MoreFuture Trends in Health Education and Promotion Essay603 Words   |  3 PagesFuture Trends in Health Education and Promotion The only thing that remains constant is change. This is saying that any healthcare professional would do well by taking to heart. By embracing change, and doing are best to adapt gracefully, we are doing our patients are great service. The key is to predict and identify future trends so we can better prepare for what is to come. In the world of health education and promotion, this couldn’t be truer. As health educators we are expected to beRead MoreEssay On Diabetes1438 Words   |  6 Pages Program Narrative: Obesity and Diabetes Reduction in Alexandria Student’s Name Institution Affiliation Program Narrative: Obesity and Diabetes Reduction in Alexandria Introduction Obesity and diabetes are serious public health problems that have far reaching health and economic consequences. In the US, and the world over, obesity and diabetes have reached epidemic proportions (Acton, 2013). For instance, the annual medical costs for obesity in the US was approximately $145 billionRead MoreRole Of A Public Health Nurse963 Words   |  4 PagesContributions Role of Public Health Nurses The role of a public health nurse encompasses a vast amount of responsibilities. As a basis for practice, public health nurses must adhere to the code of ethics. The code of ethics, developed by Sir William David Ross in the 1940s, is a set of four principles. These principles include autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice (Ivanov, 2013). By incorporating these four main principles into practice, public health nurses can better protect andRead MoreCritical Issues Paper: Health and Wellness1730 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction According to workers, organizations with significant wellness programs remain a minority. Demographic evidence suggests that the current laissez-faire attitudes toward workplace wellness found in many organizations will soon need to change. Its important to understand those needs to tailor a wellness program to the organization and its people. To be successful, wellness programs must be employee driven and management supported. (Walker, 2004) For the state of workplace wellnessRead MoreThe Family Health For The Community952 Words   |  4 PagesThe family health nurse providing care in the community must integrate community involvement and knowledge about the population with their personal and clinical comprehension of health and illness experiences of individuals and families within a population (Kaakinen, Coehlo, Steele, Tabacco, Harmon Hanson, 2015). Nurse Home Visiting Programs The visiting nurse can assess a family’s health statues in their environment that will allow them to develop specific interventions and strategies, as wellRead MoreWhat Type Of Examples That Are Leading For Our Health Care?1271 Words   |  6 Pages When It comes to our health and wellness it is a large factor that influences so many different aspects of our life than what individuals really believe it does. It influences the longevity of our lives, whether we will develop preventable chronic diseases throughout our lives. It influences what type of examples that we are leading for our children and families. It even influences our work performance and how well our companies will be able to provide affordable health care to their employeesRead MoreReducing Client Costs And Client Incentives1682 Words   |  7 Pagesovercome barriers and motivated the population to be screened for cancer. Reducing client costs and client incentives are two areas that definitely need to be studied closer. These areas are vital to help increase the participant screening. The studies from breast cancer show that client vouchers and state benefits deemed helpful, therefore; further studies need to use this information as a guide to help with cervica l and colorectal cancer incentives. As a unit manager in a hospital setting, I think thatRead MoreHealth Insurance : A Hot Topic On Capitol Hill930 Words   |  4 Pagesof Health Plans and Health Insurance Association of America a new trade association was created. That health insurance market is called The America’s Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) representing the health insurance industry. Two million of AHIP’s members are provide health and supplemental benefits through employer-sponsored coverage, the individual insurance market, and public programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. AHIP advocates for public policies that expand access to affordable health careRead MoreThe Body Mass Index ( Bmi )1637 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The issue with obesity not only occurs locally but is becoming problematic globally and is continuing to worsen. Being overweight defines a person as having excess fat accumulation which has the potential to cause impairments on personal health if not addressed. According to the McKinsey Global Institute, the costs associated with the obesity epidemic worldwide total over 2 trillion dollars and continues to grow at a staggering rate (Press, 2014). This paper will examine the subject of

Writing tutor Free Essays

Congratulations on being hired by the writing center. College writing can be a very daunting task for incoming freshman. It is important that you be familiar with the various Issues that freshman are confronted with. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing tutor or any similar topic only for you Order Now These Issues can be emotional as well as technical. You as a tutor should prepare yourself to be able to deal with both. Translational to college level writing Is always an emotional roller coaster. The students are going to face many misconceptions explained through, â€Å"So you’ve got a writing assignment. Now what? † by Chorine E. Hint. Huntington explains the transition hat most incoming freshmen face when walking into a college level English class. Many of the first year students come into the class with many misconceptions that they have been taught to be right, many of which turn out to be completely wrong. For example, Huntington explains how the five paragraph essay isn’t going to be the basis of all college level essays. He also explains how the first writing is always the hardest because you do not know what the professor is expecting, so you as the tutor have to make sure you break down all the misconceptions students have when first coming Into class. There Is another article I want you to look at with the student, â€Å"what Is ‘academic writing? † By L. Lend Irvine. He uses a great courtroom analogy where he explains that college writing Is based off supporting evidence Like any other good courtroom cases. The students need to be able to understand how to support their claims as a writer. As a tutor you need to be able to use these skills when tutoring. Your job is to instill writing tactics that help the freshmen become better writers by being able to analyze how and what the topic is about, by breaking the topic down into many steps the student is able to put their ideas down into easier acetic. Irvine divides writing assignments into three deferent categories of , â€Å"an open writing assignment, The Semi-open Writing Assignment, and The Closed Writing Assignment. As long as the students understand the differences between these three different writing assignments they should have a clear understanding of what to look for. Many of the students are going to believe that they aren’t a real writer because they are only taking one college writing class . But that is not the case , Sarah Allen describes this feeling in her article,†the inspired writer vs. the real writerâ⠂¬  she comes to an inclusion that even the best writers struggle in their own writings. She explains how sometimes writers may become writers because of their certain upbringings. In order to become real writer they don’t have to follow a certain structure. Once the students realize this they are able to be a real writer. She explains the whole writing process as ,†a way to figure out the little things. † Once again the students do not have to go through a whole process . Writing is an emotional process they will feel discouraged but they aren’t necessarily wrong. She talks about how she imitates other writers, to become a better writer. She doesn’t mean she plagiarisms but follows the structures ,†formulas†,of other writers. Which the students can use In class, or even In any college level essay. She explains how In writing you have to think about an audience and following that how you display them. You as a college tutor have to off as an â€Å"Inspired writer† and eventually became a real writer, with everything writing takes practice. The students need to understand how to point out the key terms of either a writing assignment or of a source they wish to use and make sure they are using them to their advantage. Teaching students to follow technical instructions rather than emotional ones helps them to engage in communication with peers,and allows for a repetitive process to instill itself. It also allows it to analyze their audience as a student enabling the student to write at a more college level and helps them transition to college level writing classes,topics, and will help them in the outside word. Now that you have been familiar with the various issues that incoming freshman are confronted with, it is important to use all of the tactics presented before you in order to build growth within the students confidence as well as writing ability. We have hit n issues that can be emotional as well as technical. How to cite Writing tutor, Papers

Is Bottled Water Ethical

Introduction The bottled water industry is one that has grown tremendously in the contemporary society, with multinational corporations such as Pepsi, Coke and Nestle earning billions of dollars in the form of returns annually from the sale of water.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Is Bottled Water Ethical? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bottled water is simply clean water produced either by reverse osmosis, distillation or de-ionization of regular or tap water. It can be sparkling water, which is basically carbonated water, or glacial water, which is water obtained directly from a glacier. Natural water on the other hand is obtained from a specific and recommended underground source which is not from the municipal water supply system. Mineral and spring water is from an underground source which contains relatively high amounts of dissolved mineral salts. There is also artesian water, which is water from a wel l that bears an underground layer of sand or preferably rocks. Bottled water has been a source of major debates and research on why citizens would prefer to spend a lot of money in purchasing something that is available for free in the society. One side of the debaters believes that the selling of bottled water is a practice that is unethical as water is freely available in the environment, and again it leads to unnecessary use of resources in packaging and distributing such water, when it can be easily fetched from the tap. A study conducted in the United States revealed that citizens of the United States consumed up to 8.45 gallons of water that has been bottled in 2009, an aspect that saw them spend $10.6 billion on the same.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The interesting part was that the citizens paid 1000 more times for bottled water in comparison to the tap water co st, when most the same bottled water had been drawn from the municipal tap water. It is thus an issue of concern that the public would prefer to embrace a practice that leads to wastage of resources and imposes on them high economic costs, when they can easily obtain the commodity naturally from the environment (Gallagher 2011). Why People Have Embraced Bottled Water The major drive behind the high consumption of bottled water is the appeal that is created by the packaging used (Gleick 2010). Bottled water companies have embraced various advanced marketing strategies, with the major one being the use of the packaging to attract their consumers. The bottles used in packaging bottled water to always make the water to appear cooler and healthier than the tap water. However, it is evident that tap water is as safe as bottled water for consumption. Using blind taste tests, a study was conducted with the aim of differentiating between tap water and bottled water. It was identified from th e study that the participants were not able to differentiate between tap water and bottled water through taste. The study reveals that there is no much difference between these two categories of water. In any case, bottle water is only but a purified version of tap water. This does not mean that tap water is not clean; the filters are only used to further clean the tap water that is already clean enough for consumption.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Is Bottled Water Ethical? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The incorporation of beautiful images such as those of springs and mountains on the water bottles and further adding of terms such as pure on the pack creates an impression of the extra purity of the bottled water as compared to tap water. As a result, they are pushed towards preferring bottled water (Bartol et al. 2011, p. 2). Other forms of impression such as images of pregnant women consuming bottled wa ter have also been developed in the marketing of bottled water, thus further building a perception of the water being healthier among the consumers (Natural Resources Defence Council 2013). The bottled water companies also develop terms on the packaging which define the origin of water as a place full of purity. For instance, water may be displayed as originating from the Andes, and an image of a stream emanating from the mountain is added in the package just to emphasize the purity of the water. This kind of display and the use of special terms to define the origin of water create a healthy impression of the water. Other companies also develop beautiful advertisements that are used to capture the attention of the consumers and thus to facilitate purchases of bottled water (Saylor, Prokopy Amberg 2011, p. 589).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Impact of Bottled Water on the Environment The entire process of production and distribution of bottled water has a major impact on the environment. To start with, bottled water wastes resources. Environmental degradation starts from the point of production because the amount of energy required to bottle and distribute water is high. The production process involves several processes before bottled water is ready for consumption. The biggest impact is felt in the fossil fuels. In this case, fossil fuels are used in the production process by running the machinery and in the distribution process through running the vehicles. For instance, in 2007, the bottled water industry used almost 54 million oil barrels, in the production and distribution of bottled water. The same amount of fuel can be used by 1.5 million cars in the United States for an entire year (Bartol et al. 2011). This is energy could be referred to as wasted energy given that it could be saved if individual citizens would resolve to using tap water and even carrying some in re-usable bottles. Another aspect of environmental concern in relation to bottled water is the kind of impact the non-biodegradable plastics have on the environment. Bottled water is mainly packed in plastic bottles which are made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Plastic bottles make up the best type of packaging since they do not easily break on impact with the floor, besides being lighter in weight. As much as some of these plastic bottles are recycled, a higher percentage of the plastic bottles are dumped into the landfills, streams, lakes, and oceans. Such plastic bottles fail to decompose, leading to the pollution of the environment (Food Water Watch 2013). With the current rate of production of plastic bottles for packaging of bottled water and the low rate at which recycling is being embraced, it goes without saying that in the future the plastic bottles may dig into more land as they will fill up the landfills. Mos t bottles have also been observed to end up scattered everywhere, polluting the environment (Stephenson 2009, p. 23). These water bottles do not easily decompose and they only end up releasing toxic chemicals into the groundwater (Cheng, Shi Adams 2010, p. 1325). By polluting the ground water, the lives that are supported by this water are thus affected. Through incineration, the plastic material release smoke that is toxic into the atmosphere. This smoke also consists of greenhouse gases that play a role in climatic changes and global warming. Ethical Issues Regarding Bottled Water Ethics in a given business or industry require that moral and ethical principles be observed. It applies to all aspects of a company’s or brand’s conduct, impacts and purposes. Functional business areas where the issues of ethics apply include a product’s environmental, financial, production, sales and marketing and human impact paradigm. In the bottled water industry, of particular interest is the issue of environmental degradation that arise from the packaging. The industry’s ethical position can also be analyzed in its impact in creating employment, companies obligations to their employees in the industry, among other concerns. The question of whether it is a healthy practice to drink water from a plastic bottle has been subjected to a lot of arguments. As much as bottled water companies exploit all the possibilities available avenues to explain the safety of bottled water, several researchers have concluded that bottled water has health effects on the users (Suzuki Boyd 2008, p. 68). The same researchers have proven that the primary source of bottled water is the same as that of the tap water. In any case, tap water could be safer than bottled water due to the fact that the former is regulated by the strict EPA body while the latter is regulated by the more lenient FDA. The tap water is also under the management of the Municipal service, which is p art of the government, and thus they ensure that they supply the public with high quality products (Ahmad Bajahlan 2009). Of imprortance is the fact that bottled water does not provide any specific health benefits to the consumer. Municipal water in many countries is equally clean and is frequently inspected for toxic chemicals and bacteria. In the U.S. for example, safety is ensured through the close supervision of the Environmental Protection Agency. Despite the fact that safety groups point out that most municipal water systems are old and rusty, there is very little evidence suggesting that bottled water is healthier than tap water. Furthermore, the plastic container used in packaging has been noted to be in itself a risk. Bottled water companies have maintained that the plastic bottles that they use in packaging water is safe enough and that it does not expose the users to chemical pigments that could affect their health (Bartol et al. 2011, p. 3). However, according to studie s carried out by the government of the United States and other independent researchers, the main plastic components, BPA, used in the production of bottles that are used in packaging of bottled water can fall into the packed water and thus be consumed by the users of the water. The chemical has adverse health effects in the body as it has been identified to mimic estrogen. Besides, the chemical; is linked to various health problems such as heart disease, diabetes, and problems of the liver. These are chronic conditions which do not have a cure, but they can only be managed and controlled. In worst cases, these conditions can lead to death. This is an issue of ethics as the company knows that the plastic components are toxic, yet they encourage the public to use it. â€Å"†The company also exhibits a lack of ethics when they claim that what they present to the public is purer when they are aware that the water and the bottles are regulated by two different bodies† (Barto l et al. 2011, p. 3). It is also an issue of ethicality that the bottled water companies do not guarantee the safety of the bottles under different conditions of storage. For instance, in the United States, a label is placed on each bottle of water in the form of a number, one that identifies the type of the plastic material used to make the bottle (Bartol et al. 2011, p. 4). It is important to note that some plastic materials can be reused for more than one time, while others are only used once. Most of the companies that process bottled water use the type 1 water bottle, which is only meant for use once. However, the companies do not enlighten the public on the dangers of repeatedly using such bottles. They also fail to consider the conditions under which such bottles are stored before they are used, ignoring the fact that the bottles are bound to spoil while stored under given conditions. In a study conducted by Harvard University students, it was determined that the level of exp osure of individuals to BPA through using bottled water is so high. In the study, 77 students were exposed to a ‘cleanup’ practice for a week, where they were given water for drinking only from stainless steel containers, in order to reduce the level at which they were exposed to BPA (Bartol et al. 2011, p. 5). In the next step, participants were handed two polycarbonate bottles. They were to use them as the drinking vessel each time they consumed cold beverages for the two weeks that followed. At the end of each of the two weeks, the urine sample of the participants was taken and the levels of BPA determined. â€Å"The results showed a sharp increase of BPA up to 69 percent after the second week, in which the participants used polycarbonate bottles† (Bartol et al. 2011, p. 5). From the studies, it was identified that the plastic bottles expose the users to BPA, and hence to the health effects that come with BPA. In the cases where small baby bottles are headed i n the water in order to warm their water, there is a likelihood of the bottles further releasing BPA into the water. This is an issue of major concern when it involves infants since they are likely to be susceptible to BPA’s endocrine-disrupting potential (Chellaney 2013, p. 131). Organizational Social Responsibility As much as most of the companies have shown lack of ethics in their activities, some companies have developed various activities that are aimed at protecting their consumers and also ensuring that they maintain environmental conservation. For instance, various bottled water companies have embraced recycling, with the aim of reducing the environmental impact of the plastics. Organizations such as Coca-Cola have developed marketing campaigns that have educated the public on the need to recycle the company’s bottles (Bartol et al. 2011, p. 5). The organization is aiming at reducing the amount of plastic bottles that end up in the landfills. In order to facili tate this, the company produces high quality bottles that can be reused. The International Bottled Water Association has also rallied behind bottled water companies in creating awareness among the public on the importance of recycling the plastic bottles and reducing the environmental effect of these non-biodegradable substances. In the year 2010, the bottled water was identified to contribute more than a third wastes to the stream of wastes in the United States (Shaw 2011). Thus, the bottled water companies have exhibited ethics by reducing the environmental effects of their products. However, the process of waste recycling may not be as successful as it may be depicted. A survey conducted by the Container Recycling Institute revealed that the bottled water industry still released up to 1.5 tons of wastes of plastic bottles every year. The American people buy up to 34.6 billion water bottles, with 8 out of every ten of these bottles ending up in incinerators and landfills (Bartol e t al. 2011, p. 6). How to Promote Recycling The number of plastic bottles that go without being recycled is so large. These bottles, as earlier observed facilitate environmental degradation. Thus, proper measures should be put in place to ensure that the flow of plastic bottles into the landfills and incinerators is minimized. One of the measures that can be embraced in order to facilitate the recycling of plastic bottles is that of developing bottle deposit bills in countries that do not have such bills, while including provisions in bills that already exist in countries that have such bills (Bartol et al. 2011, p. 6). These bills would require one to pay an extra amount when purchasing beverages that have been packed in plastic bottles, and they should be refunded the extra amount when they return the bottles for recycling. In the United States, higher rates of bottle recycling have been experienced in the various countries which have bottle deposit bills. For instance, in Califor nia, 80 percent of the soda and beer containers were reported to undergo recycling after the bottle deposit bill was introduced in the state (Bartol et al. 2011, p. 6). A great reduction in the levels of waste was also registered in the state. However, these bills have been observed to fail in most settings as they are highly opposed by the beverage industries through developing public relations that are extensive, using powerful lobbyists, and engaging in campaign contributions (Bartol et al. 2011, p. 6). Companies are opposed to such a move because they are afraid it will increase their costs of doing business, consequently, reducing their sales volume, since they would have to pass on the cost to consumers. These companies also fear that possibility of such a move drawing attention towards the fact the these companies fail to meet their corporate social responsibilities by producing so much waste, which they release into the environment. The efforts that have been exhibited by va rious organizations in terms of reducing the amount of plastic material used in making the plastic bottles have proved to be of less worth, and thus there is a need for the companies to develop other measures that would allow them to effectively cut on environmental pollution. Benefits of Recycling Efforts have been developed by bottled water companies towards developing recycling strategies, that are aimed at reducing the amount of waste plastic that is released into the environment and the environmental damage caused by such wastes (Bartol et al. 2011, p. 6). During the recycling process, most of the bottles are reduced into the plastic material of lower grade, which is later used to create other objects such as tires, playing equipment, and carpets. Those PET bottles are broken down using chemicals, and then they are later sorted into various colors, crushed, cleaned, and cut into small pieces that are pressed into bales. These flakes are later twirled into thread and yarn. What comes out of this process, usually threads, can be, together with other fibers, be used to make other material and different fabrics. These fabrics and material can be used to create other durable and strong items such as coats, jackets, hats, bags and shoes. Conclusion The bottled water industry is one of the fastest growing, and one that attracts an equal measure of criticism and appreciation at the same time. As explained in the paper, ethics in a given business or industry require that moral and ethical principles be observed. It applies to all aspects of a company’s or brand’s conduct, impacts and purposes. Functional business areas where the issues of ethics apply include a product’s environmental, financial, production, sales and marketing and human impact paradigm. For example, if the production process of a product risks the lives of employes, employers and the community around, ethical obligations are considered to be violated. In the bottled water ind ustry, of particular interest is the issue of environmental degradation that arise from the packaging. The industry’s ethical position can also be analyzed in its impact in creating employment, companies obligations to their employees in the industry, among other concerns. It is evident that bottled water has penetrated its roots deep into the society, which individuals spending large amounts of money purchasing this kind of water, while disregarding the same source of such water, tap water, with is naturally available and for free. It had been observed that the water companies have created attractive images and terms that are incorporated on the packages, which create an impression of how healthy and cool such water is, as compared to the tap water. As a result, most individuals have been pulled towards bottled water not knowing the various health problems that they are exposing themselves to. The plastic bottles mainly used to pack bottled water consists of BPA chemical, wh ich may leak into the water and cause the health effects such as diabetes, liver problems and heart attacks to individuals, if they consume such water. Various companies have developed recycling frameworks whereby they recycle the plastic bottles and they come up with other objects. This is important as it reduces the environmental effects that come with the plastic bottles for packing water. These bottles have been observed to leak chemicals into groundwater and to emit dangerous gases into the atmosphere when incinerated (Cheng, Shi Adams 2010, p. 1325). As much as recycling stands out to be the most effective method of handling these negative effects to the environment, it has not been adequately embraced, and thus, proper measures need to be put in place in order to promote recycling. One of these measures involves the development of bottle deposit bills. Reference List Ahmad, M Bajahlan, AS 2009, ‘Quality Comparison of tap water vs. Bottled water in the Industrial City of Yanbu (Saudi Arabia)’, Environmental Monitoring Assessment, vol 159, pp. 1-14. Bartol, D, Canney, J, Cunningham, J, Flaherty, S McNamee, L 2011, ‘Marketing of Bottled Water: Business and Ethical Issues’, Rivier Academic Journal, vol 7, no. 1, pp. 1-8. Chellaney, B 2013, Water, Peace, and War: Confronting the Global Water Crisis, 1st edn, Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc, Boulevard. Cheng, X, Shi, H Adams, CD 2010, ‘Assessment of metal contaminations leaching out from recycling plastic bottles upon treatments’, Environmental Science Pollution Resources, vol 17, pp. 1323–1330. Food Water Watch 2013, Bottled Water Costs Consumers and the Environment. Web. Gallagher, J 2011, ‘Raising Waters’, Supermarket News, vol 59, no. 13. Gleick, P H 2010, Bottled and sold: The story behind our obsession with bottled water, Island Press, Washington, DC. Natural Resources Defense Council 2013, Bottled Water. Web. Saylor, A, Prokopy, LS A mberg, S 2011, ‘What’s Wrong with the Tap? Examining Perceptions of Tap Water and Bottled Water at Purdue University’, Environmental Management, vol 48, pp. 588-601. Shaw WH 2011, Business ethics. Boston, MA, Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. Stephenson, JB 2009, Bottled Water: FDA Safety and Consumer Protections are Often  Less Stringent, United States Government Accountability Office, Washington, D.C. Suzuki, D Boyd, DR 2008, David Suzuki’s Green Guide, Greystone Books, Vancouver. This report on Is Bottled Water Ethical? was written and submitted by user Theo Pate to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Materialism Depicted in The Great Gatsby essays

Materialism Depicted in The Great Gatsby essays F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel, The Great Gatsby, reveals much about the waste and wealth of America in the "roaring twenties." Through Jay Gatsby, Fitzgerald weaves a tale of excess and passion that leads to the destruction of the human soul. Gatsby, a self-made millionaire embodies the exorbitance of this era and pays the ultimate price. This paper will examine how the greed and endless desire of Jay Gatsby turned out to more than he could control despite his grandest efforts. Jay Gatsby is a complex character because he has admirable qualities and despicable qualities. We admire him because he able to attain the wealth he desired despite the fact that he came from a poor family. We dislike him because he was driven by greed and materialism. Gatsby is wealthy, no doubt, but he flaunts it in ways that are tasteless. We know from Nick that Gatsby went to great lengths to redefine himself. For example, we know that his real name is James Gatz and he was from an unsuccessful farm family in North Dakota. He changed his name when he was seventeena change inspired when he laid his eyes on Dan Cody's yacht. It was the taste of greed that Gatsby could never shake. It shaped him from an early age and from this fact, we can see how damaging greed can be to an individual. It is important to realize that Gatsby was not an inherently evil person. In fact, we know that he was kind to those who attended his lavish parties and wanted trouble from no one. However, the flip side of that coin is that his selfish drive for money and wealth that made him In fact, Gatsby possesses an incredible drive to succeed that many people never do. His mistake was focusing it on the wrong thing. It is important to note that it is not wrong to desire wealth, but Gatsby embodies materialism at its worst and displays it with an extravagance that is disgusting. He is also willing to become rich at...

Life and Work of Roy Lichtenstein, Pop Art Pioneer

Life and Work of Roy Lichtenstein, Pop Art Pioneer Roy Lichtenstein  (born Roy Fox Lichtenstein; October 27, 1923  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  September 29, 1997) was one of the most prominent figures in the Pop Art movement in the United States. His use  of  comic book art as source material to create large-scale works in the Ben-Day dot method became a trademark of his work. Throughout his career, he explored art in a wide range of media, from painting to sculpture and even film. Fast Facts: Roy Lichtenstein Occupation:  ArtistBorn:  October 27, 1923 in New York City, New YorkDied:  September 29, 1997 in New York City, New YorkEducation:  Ohio State University, M.F.A.Notable Works:  Masterpiece  (1962),  Whaam!  (1963),  Drowning Girl (1963),  Brushstrokes  (1967)Key Accomplishments:  American Academy of Arts and Letters (1979), National Medal of the Arts (1995)Spouse(s):  Isabel Wilson (1949-1965), Dorothy Herzka (1968-1997)Children:  David Lichtenstein, Mitchell LichtensteinFamous Quote:  I like to pretend that my art has nothing to do with me. Early Life and Career Born and raised in New York City, Roy Lichtenstein was the oldest child of an upper-middle-class Jewish family. His father, Milton Lichtenstein, was a successful real estate broker, and his mother Beatrice was a homemaker. Roy attended public school until he was 12  years old. He then attended a private college preparatory high school until he graduated in 1940.   Lichtenstein discovered his love of art in school. He played piano and clarinet, and was a  fan of jazz music. He  often drew images of jazz musicians and their instruments. While in high school, Lichtenstein enrolled in summer classes of the Art Students League of New York City, where his primary mentor was the painter Reginald Marsh. In September 1940, Roy entered Ohio State University, where he studied art and other subjects. His primary influences were Pablo Picasso and Rembrandt, and he  often stated that Picassos Guernica was his favorite painting. In 1943, World War II interrupted Roy Lichtensteins education. He served for three years in the U.S. Army and continued as a student at Ohio State University in 1946 with assistance from the G.I. bill. Hoyt L. Sherman, one of his professors, had a significant influence on the young artists future development. Lichtenstein earned his Master of Fine Arts from Ohio State in 1949. Early Success Lichtenstein had his first solo show in New York City in 1951,  years after he graduated from Ohio State. His work at the time fluctuated between Cubism and Expressionism. He moved to Cleveland, Ohio, for six years, then in 1957 returned to New York, where he briefly dabbled in abstract expressionism. Lichtenstein took a position teaching at Rutgers University in 1960. One of his colleagues, Alan Kaprow, a pioneer of performance art, became a new significant influence. In 1961, Roy Lichtenstein produced his first pop paintings. He incorporated the comic style of printing with Ben-Day dots to create the painting Look Mickey, featuring the characters Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. Reportedly, he was responding to a challenge by one of his sons, who pointed at Mickey Mouse in a comic book and said, I bet you cant paint as good as that, eh, Dad? In 1962, Lichtenstein had a solo show at the Castelli Gallery in New York City. All of his pieces were purchased  by influential collectors before the show even opened. In 1964, amid his growing fame, Lichtenstein resigned from his faculty position at Rutgers to concentrate on his painting. Emergence as a Pop Artist   In 1963, Roy Lichtenstein created two of the best-known works of his entire career: Drowning Girl and Whaam!, both of which  were adapted from DC comic books. Drowning Girl, in particular, exemplifies his  approach to creating pop art pieces out of existing comic art. He cropped the original image to make a new dramatic statement, and  used a shorter, and more direct, version of the text from the original comic. The massive increase in size gives the piece a very different impact from the original comic  book panel. Much like Andy Warhol, Lichtensteins work generated questions about the nature and interpretation of art. While some celebrated the audacity of his work, Lichtenstein was heavily criticized by those who argued that his pieces were empty copies of something that already existed. Life magazine ran an article in 1964 titled, Is He the Worst Artist in the U.S.? The relative lack of emotional engagement in his work was seen as a slap in the face to the soul-baring approach of abstract expressionism.   In 1965, Lichtenstein  abandoned the use of  comic book images as primary source material.  Some critics are still bothered by the fact that royalties were never paid to the artists who created the original images used in Lichtensteins large-scale works.   In the 1960s, Roy Lichtenstein also created cartoon-style works with Ben-Day dots that reinterpreted classic paintings by art masters, including  Cezanne, Mondrian, and Picasso. In the latter part of the decade, he created series of paintings that depicted comic-style versions of brushstrokes.  The works took the most elemental form of traditional painting and turned it into a pop art object, and were intended to be a send-up of abstract expressionisms emphasis on gestural painting. Later Life In 1970, Roy Lichtenstein bought a former carriage house in Southampton, Long Island, New York. There, Lichtenstein  built a studio and spent most of the rest of the decade out of the public spotlight. He included representations of his older works in some of his new paintings. Throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, he also worked on still lifes, sculptures, and drawings.   Late in his career, Lichtenstein received  commissions for large-scale public works. These works include the 26-foot  Mural with Blue Brushstrokes at New Yorks Equitable Center, created in 1984, and the 53-foot Times Square Mural for the New Yorks Times Square Bus Station, created in 1994. The corporate logo for Dreamworks Records, commissioned by David Geffen and Mo Ostin, was Lichtensteins last completed commission before his death. Lichtenstein died of pneumonia on  September 29, 1997  after several weeks of hospitalization. Legacy Roy Lichtenstein was one of the leading figures in the Pop Art movement. His method of turning ordinary comic strip panels into monumental pieces was his way of elevating what he felt were dumb cultural artifacts. He referred to pop art as industrial painting, a term that reveals the movements roots in mass production of common images.   The monetary value of Roy Lichtensteins work continues to increase. The  1962 painting Masterpiece  which sold for $165 million in 2017, features a cartoon bubble whose text is seen as a wry prediction of Lichtensteins fame: My, soon you will have all of New York clamoring for your work. Sources Wagstaff, Sheena.  Roy Lichtenstein: A Retrospective.  Yale University Press, 2012.Waldman, Diane.  Roy Lichtenstein. Guggenheim Museum Publications, 1994.

Small group communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Small group communication - Essay Example The movie involved a group of employees who apparently lost their pension to a scheme conceived by a businessman tenant, Alan Alda (Arthur Shaw), of the building where they are employed. The group is initially composed of Ben Stiller (Josh), Casey Affleck (Charlie) and Michael Pena (Enrique). They sought the help of a criminal, Eddie Murphy (Slide), a businessman who went bankrupt, Matthew Broderick (Mr. Fitzhugh), and a female employee Gabourey Sidibe (Odessa), to steal the money that they perceived was hidden in the apartment unit of Shaw. The effective group decision making that was exhibited in the movie are as follows: (1) the conceptualization stage where problem identification was initiated and where a proposed solution was conceived; (2) group formation stage where members of the group were carefully selected according to the roles and responsibilities that would be undertaken; (3) holding group meetings to clearly establish the plan of action, strategies, and designation of tasks; (4) cohesive participation and collaboration of members to successfully implement the designed plan; and (5) effective leadership style and accountability to actions that were undertaken (Rothwell). On the other hand, the ineffective decision making activities include: (1) lack of trust which contributed to one or two members to deviate from the plan; (2) lack of research to accurately validate assumptions (the members thought that the stolen money was hidden in a concealed vault); (3) inability to prepare for events which were unplanned but could potentially happen; and (4) tendencies for manifesting group think (Rothwell). The ineffective decision making processes noted above were clear indications of weaknesses in unified thinking, lack of trust in each members’ capabilities to do the tasks delegated and assigned, as well as an aspect of close-mindedness. According to

Personal Statement Adjust(including) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Personal Statement Adjust(including) - Essay Example Moreover, different forms of communication and technology has massive effects on communication. As such, communication is a diverse topic with numerous applications. Hence, I chose to major in communication with an aim of understanding all the dynamics and detail that relate to communication. I plan to enable easier flow of communication between different persons. Nevertheless, I have a personal experience on communication that motivated to major in this subject. When I was studying in high school in Hong Kong, my tutor asked me to do a project on environmental sustainability. We additionally established a group to handle the project that required us to participate, discuss, and more so communicate to achieve required results. Sadly, we had poor communication skills and thus we rarely talked and thus cooperation was very dismal. Although some group members would communicate effectively, others would not communicate and therefore opted to stay on the periphery as others did the projec t. Others chose to do the project alone and later compare the results with others who equally did it individually. In the end, we chose to present the best individual project as the groups’ final product. ... Hence, it is factual that communication serves as a bridge to better understanding. Actually, if we communicated well in carrying out the project, we would have done a better job. Luckily, I have had various opportunities to improve my communication skills. I was the spokesperson of our high school student association in high school, which allowed me to have numerous opportunities to speak in front of a large group of people. Indeed, when I was giving my first public address in front of a thousand of students serves as a memorable experience. I realized from these public forums that I should learn to communicate with the audience by attracting their attention and analyzing what they want to hear instead of reading my notes words by words while addressing them. Furthermore, in an experience that extended my knowledge and experience on communication, I worked as salesperson in an electronic component-selling firm in Hong Kong during the summer holidays. Assuredly, communication is one of the biggest factors in business success. Indeed, communication facilitates business operations and promotes efficiency in a business setup. As such, when I started working at the company, I conveniently expanded my communication skills and learnt how good communication benefits the company. Actually, there was frequent communication from the management to the employees and from the employees to the customers. Hence, I learnt that every company has a communication culture, communication channel, and the communication language. Additionally, I learnt that communication follows a complete chain and any break points would lead to ineffectiveness. Most significantly, is the fact that the company seeks to establish an effective communication system for

The Border Patrol State Essay -- Leslie Silko Illegal Drugs Smuggling

The Border Patrol State In â€Å"The Border Patrol State† Leslie Silko makes accusations of the border patrol’s mistreatment of American citizens of Mexican decent, making the argument with almost evidence. Silko, a critically acclaimed poet, sees the border patrol as a governmental assembly addicted to interrogation, torture, and the murder of those they see fit. Leslie Silko certainly makes accusations that some could argue far exceed the boundaries of journalism integrity, and fail to deliver with evidence to back them up. The author of this piece is a Mexican-American living in the Southwest United States. The author is using personal experience to convey a problem to his or her audience. The audience of this piece is quite broad. First and foremost, Mexican-Americans just like the author. People who can relate to what the author has to say, maybe someone who has experienced something similar. The author also seems to be seeking out an audience of white Americans who find themselves unaware of the problem at our borders. The author even offers up a warning to white America when she notes, â€Å"White people traveling with brown people, however, can expect to be stopped on suspicion they work with the sanctuary movement†(125). The purpose of this writing is to pull out a problem that is hidden within or society, and let people see it for what it is and isn’t. This topic is a problem, but it may not be all that it is said to be. Throughout this piece the author shows us what is wrong with system of keeping illegals out of our country. She opens talking of her cousin Bill Pratt, who she claims rode freely from New Mexico to Arizona without disturbances throughout the early 1900’s. From a story of freedom of the past, s... ...ontradicting herself, and pointing the finger. Although she most likely has experienced these acts of unjust treatment, she seems to put the reader in the position to doubt the credibility of what she has to say time and again. In wrapping up the analysis of Silko’s paper the reader is left with a bitter taste. Although Silko points out an important issue, she seems to be too overdramatic when telling of personal experience. Silko leaves the reader too skeptical of what she has to say. The reader has a hard time believing what they read. Silko finds refuge through her writing, but does not handle the subject with as much care as it is due. Silko’s evidence to not justify her accusations, and that hurts the credibility of the work. Works Cited: Silko, Leslie Marmon. (1994). "The Border Patrol State." The Nation, vol. 259, no. 12, October 17, pp. 412–416.

Regulatory framework for financial reporting Essay

Introduction In the next couple of pages the author will firstly discuss the main advantages of the crossroad growing adoption of IFRS, and how does it particularly benefit investors and managers. The author will also be discussing the most significant challenges of the adoption and expansion of the IFRS in the future. Further more the author will, suggest how the IASB and its key constituents should face these challenges and overcome them. IFRS International Regulatory framework for financial reporting Before we get into discussing the advantages of IFRS let us first begin with a little introduction about what IFRS actually does. Regulatory framework for financial reporting was designed in order to form a sort of common language that businesses and companies accounts are clear and comparable in international environments. This has started as a consequence of expanding of international trades and shareholding. This system has been particularly welcoming by companies that are operating in several countries. This is due to the fact that by adopting the same system companies can easily compare and view their financial statements. The IFRS was fist introduced to the European Union in order to systematize accounting standards. This concept quickly became popular even outside of the European union and was adopted by countries all over the world. Globalization is a great factor why IFRS is being adopted by countries outside th e EU, as accounting can be though of as a language form and if all companies report under the same regulatory framework communication between them is much clearer and faster. Between the years of 1970 to 2001 a different account system was used known as International Accounting Standards (IAS). By April first in 2001 a new international Accounting Standard Board was introduced and they have adopted the already existing IAS system and developed the standard as well as renaming it to IFRS. Advantages of the crossroad growing adoption of IFRS In the researchers opinion the IFRS is highly important, or in other words beneficial for managers nowadays, because it makes a lot of things easier. You can compare it to a Border free Europe through the European Union. With the IFRS managers have an international accounting handbook which makes merges and acquisition for international companies easier because there is only one accounting language. As already mentioned earlier not all countries have adopted the IFRS system. Due to increasing globalization most companies are pro adopting the IFRS system as investors or in other words users can easily understand it across the world. Even before the International Regulatory framework for financial reporting was introduced was companies used different Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAPS). As Europe has its most dominant system used the (IFRS) so does for example India and the US have their own systems that they choose to adapt. The fact that there are different financial sys tems involved can make it difficult for an outside user, since they cannot fully understand the financial reporting system that is adopted by another country. Nowadays with the increasing number of global investors and information exchange there is an increasing need for common financial reporting language. The International Accounting Standard Board have accomplished that 120 countries worldwide have adopted the IFRS system and made it the single set of standards. An advantage for adopting this system would be simply the strengths of jurisdiction increase. Some countries had no problems with this but other chose to take different paths. The first major adoption of IFRS was in 2005 when 7000 EU countries began using the new system. Japan has adopted this system a couple of years later and by 2009 the IFRS was officially accepted. On the other hand still a large number of countries have not adopted this system amongst them is U.S that has celebrated a 10th anniversary in 2010 of the ISAB system. Still we can see an increasing pattern of countries that are adopting the IFRS regulations. Of course U.S has its reasons for not accepting the IFR S system and they themselves have described their system as exhaustive and they are as well dealing with a lot of difficulties and sensitive subjects such as pension accounting or lease accounting. Of course this system has a lot of benefits. As many of its standards the IASB has lead the use of a fair value accounting system as an replacement to the traditional cost accounting. The greatest benefits of this system are that it’s considered to be more  relevant and transparent. A lot of countries could not accept the IFRS system completely due to their local politics or other economical reasons. Some countries on the other hand have adopted the system completely for example Australia or Japan. Other countries accepted the system partly just for specific segments such as Banking. China and U.S have also eventually made their adjustments to convert to IFRS in order to remove differences between national accounting standards. Even big audit firms that included Deloitte, PWC (PricewaterhouseCoopers), Ernst & Young and KPMG have agreed that by replacing the local system with the IFRS was a solid way of insuring international comparability of financial statements. The fact th at this was accomplished shoves that accounting worldwide has reached harmonization and this is a great advantage for companies and users worldwide. Convergence champions like China, rather want to have the Convergence, because they want to remain flexible and adapt the accounting rules to the particular needs of the national economy. This is done so that they can keep an eye on the local economy. The Chinese government also fears that Chinese companies could use this as a tool to manipulate with reported profits. There are more then one negative aspects of the IFRS such as strategic tension on fair value accounting. This type of accounting has been greatly criticized as for being difficult to apply as well as subjective mostly in poorly developed markets. Fair values also seemed to be more involved with the short-term conserves and this put the long-term stability of businesses and even economy at risk. The problem with fair values was that due to short-term recording that were increased temporally in market values in financial reports. This was a problem as it created panic by forcing reduction in the book value of an asset. Gilles de Margerie (CFO of the French Bank Credit Agricole) says: â€Å"The IASB has been too dogmatic, too reluctant to listen†. The main problem was that the fair value measurement of derivatives required by IAS could know the income statement of many EU-Firms. In the year of 2004 the European commission has for some time being excluded the disputable parts of IAS 39 from its agreement. Even though there were problems with the IFRS it is being worked on and the imperfections are being corrected. Another negative aspect of the IFRS is that the IASB stakeholders argue that fair value standards for banks financial reporting have inflated their asset values in the economic boom times and due to that overstating their losses when the  financial markets collapsed. So practically their cant be global banking regulation if there are different accounting systems. Due to this fact the IFRS can no achieve its full potential. This imposes a lot more debatable questions on the IFRS regulations. Should it put more stress on full adoption or convergence with its IFRS rules? Should it make more adjustments to make it easier for the U.S. to join the system? In addition to IFRS should it also focus on harmonizing enforcement and auditing systems? 1 If we find answers to this questions and find regulations that say that every country is running with this system the IFRS â€Å"mission† will be a very difficult task, because like already Ian Mackintosh, head of the U.K. Accounting Standards Board said: â€Å"Convergence is an impossible dream. You will always find issues where you basically do not agree and where both sides have good reasons for not agreeing. You have to make decisions† Conclusion In this assignment the author has discussed the main advantages of the crossroad growing adoption of the IFRS, and how it particularly benefit investors and managers. The author has also discussed the most significant challenges of the adoption and expansion of the IFRS in the future. Further more the author has, suggested how the IASB and its key constituents should face these challenges and overcome them. In the authors view there should be a adequate balance found between the IFRS standards and the convergence of other countries that did not adapt this system. This should be done, as it would be convenient for everyone of the standard were similar in some ways. Reference Prague College: Login to the site. 2013. Prague College: Login to the site. [ONLINE] Available?at: http://courses.praguecollege.cz/mod/resource/view.php?id=50815. [Accessed 15 March 2013]. Understanding IFRS convergence – YouTube . 2013. Understanding IFRS convergence – YouTube . [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zalWNtILbKY&feature=related. [Accessed 15 March 2013].

Change detection in land use and land cover using remote sensing data and gis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 25 Words: 7618 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Geography Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Studies have shown that there remains only few landscapes on the Earth that are still in there natural state. Due to anthropogenic activities, the Earth surface is being significantly altered in some manner and mans presence on the Earth and his use of land has had a profound effect upon the natural environment thus resulting into an observable pattern in the land use/land cover over time. The land use/land cover pattern of a region is an outcome of natural and socio economic factors and their utilization by man in time and space. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Change detection in land use and land cover using remote sensing data and gis" essay for you Create order Land is becoming a scarce resource due to immense agricultural and demographic pressure. Hence, information on land use / land cover and possibilities for their optimal use is essential for the selection, planning and implementation of land use schemes to meet the increasing demands for basic human needs and welfare. This information also assists in monitoring the dynamics of land use resulting out of changing demands of increasing population. Land use and land cover change has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes. The advancement in the concept of vegetation mapping has greatly increased research on land use land cover change thus providing an accurate evaluation of the spread and health of the worlds forest, grassland, and agricultural resources has become an important priority. Viewing the Earth from space is now crucial to the understanding of the influence of mans activities on his natural reso urce base over time. In situations of rapid and often unrecorded land use change, observations of the earth from space provide objective information of human utilization of the landscape. Over the past years, data from Earth sensing satellites has become vital in mapping the Earths features and infrastructures, managing natural resources and studying environmental change. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are now providing new tools for advanced ecosystem management. The collection of remotely sensed data facilitates the synoptic analyses of Earth system function, patterning, and change at local, regional and global scales over time; such data also provide an important link between intensive, localized ecological research and regional, national and international conservation and management of biological diversity (Wilkie and Finn, 1996). Therefore, attempt will be made in this study to map out the status of land use land cover of Ilorin between 1972 and 2001 with a view to detecting the land consumption rate and the changes that has taken place in this status particularly in the built-up land so as to predict possible changes that might take place in this status in the next 14 years using both Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing data. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Ilorin, the Kwara State, capital has witnessed remarkable expansion, growth and developmental activities such as building, road construction, deforestation and many other anthropogenic activities since its inception in 1967 just like many other state capitals in Nigeria. This has therefore resulted in increased land consumption and a modification and alterations in the status of her land use land cover over time without any detailed and comprehensive attempt (as provided by a Remote Sensing data and GIS) to evaluate this status as it changes over time with a view to detecting the land consumption rate and also make attempt to predict same and the possible changes that may occur in this status so that planners can have a basic tool for planning. It is therefore necessary for a study such as this to be carried out if Ilorin will avoid the associated problems of a growing and expanding city like many others in the world. 1.3 Justification for the Study Indeed, attempt has been made to document the growth of Ilorin in the past but that from an aerial photography (Olorunfemi, 1983). In recent times, the dynamics of Land use Land cover and particularly settlement expansion in the area requires a more powerful and sophisticated system such as GIS and Remote Sensing data which provides a general extensive synoptic coverage of large areas than area photography 1.4Aim and Objectives 1.4.1 Aim The aim of this study is to produce a land use land cover map of Ilorin at different epochs in order to detect the changes that have taken place particularly in the built-up land and subsequently predict likely changes that might take place in the same over a given period. 1.4.2 Objectives The following specific objectives will be pursued in order to achieve the aim above. To create a land use land cover classification scheme To determine the trend, nature, rate, location and magnitude of land use land cover change. To forecast the future pattern of land use land cover in the area. To generate data on land consumption rate and land absorption coefficient since more emphasis is placed on built-up land. To evaluate the socio economic implications of predicted change. 1.5 The Study Area The study area (Ilorin) is the capital of Kwara State. It is located on latitude 80 31 N and 40 35 E with an Area of about 100km square (Kwara State Diary1997). Being situated in the transitional zone; between the forest and the savanna region of Nigeria i.e. the North and the West coastal region, it therefore serves as a melting point between the northern and southern culture.(Oyebanji, 1993). Her geology consists of pre-Cambrian basement complex with an elevation which ranges between 273m to 333m in the West and 200m to 364m in the East. The landscape of the region (Ilorin) is relatively flat, this means it is located on a plain and is crested by two large rivers, the river Asa and Oyun which flows in North South direction divides the plain into two; Western and Eastern part (Oyebanji, 1993). The climate is humid tropical type and is characterized by wet and dry seasons (Ilorin Atlas 1981). The wet season begins towards the end of March and ends in October. A dry season in the town begins with the onset of tropical continental air mass commonly referred to as harmattan. This wind is usually predominant between the months of November and February (Olaniran 2002). The temperature is uniformly high throughout the year. The mean monthly temperature of the town for the period of 1991 2000 varies between 250 C and 29.50 C with the month of March having about 300C. Ilorin falls into the southern savanna zone. This zone is a transition between the high forest in the southern part of the country and the far North with woodland properties. (Osoba, 1980). Her vegetation is characterized by scattered tall tree shrubs of between the height of ten and twelve feet. Oyegun in 1993 described the vegetation to be predominantly covered by derived savannah found in East and West and are noted for their dry lowland rainforest vegetal cover. As noted by Oyegun in 1983, Ilorin is one of the fastest growing urban centers in Nigeria. Her rate of population growt h is much higher than for other cities in the country (Oyegun, 1983). Ilorin city has grown in both population and areal extent at a fast pace since 1967 (Oyegun, 1983). The Enplan group (1977) puts the population at 400,000 which made it then the sixth largest town in Nigeria. The town had a population of 40, 990 in 1952 and 208, 546 in 1963 and was estimated as 474, 835 in 1982 (Oyegun, 1983). In 1984, the population was 480, 000 (Oyegun, 1985). This trend in population growth rate shows a rapid growth in population. The growth rate between 1952 and 1963 according to Oyebanji, 1983 is put at 16.0 which is higher than other cities in the country. The population as estimated by the 1991 population census was put at 570,000. 1.6 Definition of Terms (i) Remote sensing: Can be defined as any process whereby information is gathered about an object, area or phenomenon without being in contact with it. Given this rather general definition, the term has come to be associated more specifically with the gauging of interactions between earth surface materials and electromagnetic energy. (Idrisi 32 guide to GIS and Image processing, volume 1). (ii) Geographic Information system: A computer assisted system for the acquisition, storage, analysis and display of geographic data (Idrisi 32 guide to GIS and Image processing, volume 1). (iii) Land use: This is the manner in which human beings employ the land and its resources. (iv) Land cover: Implies the physical or natural state of the Eaths surface. CHAPTER TWO 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW According to Meyer, 1999 every parcel of land on the Earths surface is unique in the cover it possesses. Land use and land cover are distinct yet closely linked characteristics of the Earths surface. The use to which we put land could be grazing, agriculture, urban development, logging, and mining among many others. While land cover categories could be cropland, forest, wetland, pasture, roads, urban areas among others. The term land cover originally referred to the kind and state of vegetation, such as forest or grass cover but it has broadened in subsequent usage to include other things such as human structures, soil type, biodiversity, surface and ground water (Meyer, 1995). Land use affects land cover and changes in land cover affect land use. A change in either however is not necessarily the product of the other. Changes in land cover by land use do not necessarily imply degradation of the land. However, many shifting land use patterns driven by a variety of social causes, result in land cover changes that affects biodiversity, water and radiation budgets, trace gas emissions and other processes that come together to affect climate and biosphere (Riebsame, Meyer, and Turner, 1994). Land cover can be altered by forces other than anthropogenic. Natural events such as weather, flooding, fire, climate fluctuations, and ecosystem dynamics may also initiate modifications upon land cover. Globally, land cover today is altered principally by direct human use: by agriculture and livestock raising, forest harvesting and management and urban and suburban construction and development. There are also incidental impacts on land cover from other human activities such as forest and lakes damaged by acid rain from fossil fuel combustion and crops near cities damaged by tropospheric ozone resulting from automobile exhaust (Meyer, 1995). Hence, in order to use land optimally, it is not only necessary to have the information on existing land use land cover but also the capability to monitor the dynamics of land use resulting out of both changing demands of increasing population and forces of nature acting to shape the landscape. Conventional ground methods of land use mapping are labor intensive, time consuming and are done relatively infrequently. These maps soon become outdated with the passage of time, particularly in a rapid changing environment. In fact according to Olorunfemi (1983), monitoring changes and time series analysis is quite difficult with traditional method of surveying. In recent years, satellite remote sensing techniques have been developed, which have proved to be of immense value for preparing accurate land use land cover maps and monitoring changes at regular intervals of time. In case of inaccessible region, this technique is perhaps the only method of obtaining the required data on a cost and time effective basis. A remote sensing device records response which is based on many characteristics of the land surfac e, including natural and artificial cover. An interpreter uses the element of tone, texture, pattern, shape, size, shadow, site and association to derive information about land cover. The generation of remotely sensed data/images by various types of sensor flown aboard different platforms at varying heights above the terrain and at different times of the day and the year does not lead to a simple classification system. It is often believed that no single classification could be used with all types of imagery and all scales. To date, the most successful attempt in developing a general purpose classification scheme compatible with remote sensing data has been by Anderson et al which is also referred to as USGS classification scheme. Other classification schemes available for use with remotely sensed data are basically modification of the above classification scheme. Ever since the launch of the first remote sensing satellite (Landsat-1) in 1972, land use land cover studies were carried out on different scales for different users. For instance, waste land mapping of India was carried out on 1:1 million scales by NRSA using 1980 82 landsat multi spectral scanner data. About 16.2% of waste lands were estimated based on the study. Xiaomei Y, and Rong Qing L.Q.Y in 1999 noted that information about change is necessary for updating land cover maps and the management of natural resources. The information may be obtained by visiting sites on the ground and or extracting it from remotely sensed data. Change detection is the process of identifying differences in the state of an object or phenomenon by observing it at different times (Singh, 1989). Change detection is an important process in monitoring and managing natural resources and urban development because it provides quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution of the population of interest. Macleod and Congation (1998) list four aspects of change detection which are important when monitoring na tural resources: i. Detecting the changes that have occurred ii. Identifying the nature of the change iii. Measuring the area extent of the change iv. Assessing the spatial pattern of the change The basis of using remote sensing data for change detection is that changes in land cover result in changes in radiance values which can be remotely sensed. Techniques to perform change detection with satellite imagery have become numerous as a result of increasing versatility in manipulating digital data and increasing computer power. A wide variety of digital change detection techniques have been developed over the last two decades. Singh (1989) and Coppin Bauer (1996) summarize eleven different change detection algorithms that were found to be documented in the literature by 1995. These include: 1. Mono-temporal change delineation. 2. Delta or post classification comparisons. 3. Multidimensional temporal feature space analysis. 4. Composite analysis. 5. I mage differencing. 6. Multitemporal linear data transformation. 7. Change vector analysis. 8. Image regression. 9. Multitemporal biomass index 10. Background subtraction. 11. Image ratioing In some instances, land use land cover change may result in environmental, social and economic impacts of greater damage than benefit to the area (Moshen A, 1999). Therefore data on land use change are of great importance to planners in monitoring the consequences of land use change on the area. Such data are of value to resources management and agencies that plan and assess land use patterns and in modeling and predicting future changes. Shosheng and Kutiel (1994) investigated the advantages of remote sensing techniques in relation to field surveys in providing a regional description of vegetation cover. The results of their research were used to produce four vegetation cover maps that provided new information on spatial and temporal distributions of vegetation in this ar ea and allowed regional quantitative assessment of the vegetation cover. Arvind C. Pandy and M. S. Nathawat (2006) carried out a study on land use land cover mapping of Panchkula, Ambala and Yamunanger districts, Hangana State in India. They observed that the heterogeneous climate and physiographic conditions in these districts has resulted in the development of different land use land cover in these districts, an evaluation by digital analysis of satellite data indicates that majority of areas in these districts are used for agricultural purpose. The hilly regions exhibit fair development of reserved forests. It is inferred that land use land cover pattern in the area are generally controlled by agro climatic conditions, ground water potential and a host of other factors. It has been noted over time through series of studies that Landsat Thematic Mapper is adequate for general extensive synoptic coverage of large areas. As a result, this reduces the need for expensive and ti me consuming ground surveys conducted for validation of data. Generally, satellite imagery is able to provide more frequent data collection on a regular basis unlike aerial photographs which although may provide more geometrically accurate maps, is limited in respect to its extent of coverage and expensive; which means, it is not often used. In 1985, the U.S Geological Survey carried out a research program to produce 1:250,000 scale land cover maps for Alaska using Landsat MSS data (Fitz Patrick et al, 1987).The State of Maryland Health Resources Planning Commission also used Landsat TM data to create a land cover data set for inclusion in their Maryland Geographic Information (MAGI) database. All seven TM bands were used to produce a 21 class land cover map (EOSAT 1992). Also, in 1992, the Georgia Department of Natural Resources completed mapping the entire State of Georgia to identify and quantify wetlands and other land cover types using Landsat Thematic Mapper à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ data (ERDAS, 1992). The State of southern Carolina Lands Resources Conservation Commission developed a detailed land cover map composed of 19 classes from TM data (EOSAT, 1994). This mapping effort employed multi-temporal imagery as well as multi-spectral data during classification. An analysis of land use and land cover changes using the combination of MSS Landsat and land use map of Indonesia (Dimyati, 1995) reveals that land use land cover change were evaluated by using remote sensing to calculate the index of changes which was done by the superimposition of land use land cover images of 1972, 1984 and land use maps of 1990. This was done to analyze the pattern of change in the area, which was rather difficult with the traditional method of surveying as noted by Olorunfemi in 1983 when he was using aerial photographic approach to monitor urban land use in developing countries with Ilorin in Nigeria as the case study. Daniel et al, 2002 in their comparison of land use lan d cover change detection methods, made use of 5 methods viz; traditional post classification cross tabulation, cross correlation analysis, neural networks, knowledge based expert systems, and image segmentation and object oriented classification. A combination of direct T1 and T2 change detection as well as post classification analysis was employed. Nine land use land cover classes were selected for analysis. They observed that there are merits to each of the five methods examined, and that, at the point of their research, no single approach can solve the land use change detection problem. Also, Adeniyi and Omojola, (1999) in their land use land cover change evaluation in Sokoto Rima Basin of North Western Nigeria based on Archival Remote Sensing and GIS techniques, used aerial photographs, Landsat MSS, SPOT XS/Panchromatic image Transparency and Topographic map sheets to study changes in the two dams (Sokoto and Guronyo) between 1962 and 1986. The work revealed that land us e land cover of both areas was unchanged before the construction while settlement alone covered most part of the area. However, during the post dam era, land use /land cover classes changed but with settlement still remaining the largest. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction The procedure adopted in this research work forms the basis for deriving statistics of land use dynamics and subsequently in the overall, the findings. 3.2 Data Acquired and Source For the study, Landsat satellite images of Kwara State were acquired for three Epochs; 1972, 1986 and 2001. Both 1972 and 1986 were obtained from Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) an Earth Science Data Interface, while that of 2001 was obtained from National Space Research and Development Agency in Abuja (NASRDA). 0n both 2001 and 1986 images, a notable feature can be observed which is the Asa dam which was not yet constructed as of 1972. It is also important to state that Ilorin and its environs which were carved out using the local government boundary map and Nigerian Administrative map was also obtained from NASRDA. These were brought to Universal Transverse Marcator projection in zone 31. S/N DATA TYPE DATE OF PRODUCTION SCALE SOURCE 1. 2. 3. Landsat image Landsat image Landsat image 2001-11-03 1986-11-15 1972-11-07 30m à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ 30m TM 80m TM NASRDA GLCF GLCF 4 FORMECU Land use/land cover Vegetation map. 1995 1:1,495, 389 (view scale) FORMECU 5 Administrative and local government Map of Nigeria. 2005 1:15,140,906 (view scale) NASRDA 6 Land use and infrastructure map of Ilorin. 1984 1:150, 000 Ilorin Agricultural Development Project Table 3.1 Data Source 3.2.1 Geo-referencing Properties of the Images The geo-referencing properties of both 1986 2001 are the same while image thinning was applied to the 1972 imagery which has a resolution of 80m using a factor of two to modify its properties and resolution to conform to the other two has given below; Data type: rgb8 File type: binary Columns: 535 Rows: 552 Referencing system: utm-31 Reference units: m Unit distance: 1 Minimum X: 657046.848948 Maximum X: 687541.848948 Minimum Y: 921714.403281 Maximum Y: 953178.403281 Min Value: 0 Max Value: 215 Display Minimum: 0 Display Maximum: 215 Image thinning was carried out through contract; contract generalizes an image by reducing the number of rows and columns while simultaneously decreasing the cell resolution. Contraction may take place by pixel thinning or pixel aggregation with the contracting factors in X and Y being independently defined. With pixel thinning, every nth pixel is kept while the remaining is thrown away. 3.3 Software Used Basically, five software were used for this project viz; (a) ArcView 3.2a this was used for displaying and subsequent processing and enhancement of the image. It was also used for the carving out of Ilorin region from the whole Kwara State imagery using both the admin and local government maps. (b) ArcGIS This was also used to compliment the display and processing of the data (c) Idrisi32 This was used for the development of land use land cover classes and subsequently for change detection analysis of the study area. (d) Microsoft word was used basically for the presentation of the research. (e) Microsoft Excel was used in producing the bar graph. 3.4 Development of a Classification Scheme Based on the priori knowledge of the study area for over 20 years and a brief reconnaissance survey with additional information from previous research in the study area, a classification scheme was developed for the study area after Anderson et al (1967). The classification scheme developed gives a rather broad classification where the land use land cover was identified by a single digit. CODE LAND USE/LAND COVER CATEGORIES 1 Farmland 2 Wasteland 3 Built-up land 4 Forestland 5 Water bodies Table 3.2 Land use land cover classification scheme The classification scheme given in table 3.2 is a modification of Andersons in 1967 The definition of waste land as used in this research work denotes land without scrub, sandy areas, dry grasses, rocky areas and other human induced barren lands. 3.5 Limitation(s) in the Study There was a major limitation as a result of resolution difference. Landsat image of 1972 was acquired with the multi spectral scanner (MSS) which has a spatial resolution of 80 meters, whilst the images of 1986 and 2001 were acquired with Thematic Mapper à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) respectively. These both have a spatial resolution of 30 meters. Although this limitation was corrected for through image thinning of the 1972, it still prevented its use for projecting into the future so as to have a consistent result. Apart from this, it produced an arbitrary classification of water body for the 1972 classification. 3.6 Methods of Data Analysis Six main methods of data analysis were adopted in this study. (i) Calculation of the Area in hectares of the resulting land use/land cover types for each study year and subsequently comparing the results. (ii) Markov Chain and Cellular Automata Analysis for predicting change (iii) Overlay Operations (iv) Image thinning (v) Maximum Likelihood Classification (vi) Land Consumption Rate and Absorption Coefficient The fist three methods above were used for identifying change in the land use types. Therefore, they have been combined in this study. The comparison of the land use land cover statistics assisted in identifying the percentage change, trend and rate of change between 1972 and 2001. In achieving this, the first task was to develop a table showing the area in hectares and the percentage change for each year (1972, 1986 and 2001) measured against each land use land cover type. Percentage change to determine the trend of change can then be calculated by dividing observed change by sum of changes multiplied by 100 (trend) percentage change = observed change * 100 Sum of change In obtaining annual rate of change, the percentage change is divided by 100 and multiplied by the number of study year 1972 1986 (14years) 1986 2001 (15years) Going by the second method (Markov Chain Analysis and Cellular Automata Analysis), Markov Chain Analysis is a convenient tool for modeling land use change when changes and processes in the landscape are difficult to describe. A Markovian process is one in which the future state of a system can be modeled purely on the basis of the immediately preceding state. Markovian chain analysis will describe land use change from one period to another and use this as the basis to project future changes. This is achieved by developing a transition probability matrix of land use change from time one to time two, which shows the nature of change while still serving as the basis for projecting to a later t ime period .The transition probability may be accurate on a per category basis, but there is no knowledge of the spatial distribution of occurrences within each land use category. Hence, Cellular Automata (CA) was used to add spatial character to the model. CA_Markov uses the output from the Markov Chain Analysis particularly Transition Area file to apply a contiguity filter to grow out land use from time two to a later time period. In essence, the CA will develop a spatially explicit weighting more heavily areas that proximate to existing land uses. This will ensure that land use change occurs proximate to existing like land use classes, and not wholly random. Overlay operations which is the last method of the three, identifies the actual location and magnitude of change although this was limited to the built-up land. Boolean logic was applied to the result through the reclass module of idrisi32 which assisted in mapping out separately areas of change for which magnitude was later calculated for. The Land consumption rate and absorption coefficient formula are give below; L.C.R = A P A = areal extent of the city in hectares P = population L.A.C = A2 A1 P2 P1 A1 and A2 are the areal extents (in hectares) for the early and later years, and P1 and P2 are population figure for the early and later years respectively (Yeates and Garner, 1976) L.C.R = A measure of compactness which indicates a progressive spatial expansion of a city. L.A.C = A measure of change in consumption of new urban land by each unit increase in urban population Both the 2001 and 2015 population figures were estimated from the 1991 and the estimated 2001 population figures of Ilorin respectively using the recommended National Population Commission (NPC) 2.1% growth rate as obtained from the 1963/1991 censuses. The first task to estimating the population figures was to multiply the growth rate by the census figures of Ilorin in both years (1991, 2001) while subsequently dividing same by 100. The result was then multiplied by the number of years being projected for, the result of which was then added to the base year population (1991, 2001). This is represented in the formula below; n = r/100 * Po (1) Pn = Po + (n * t) (2) Pn = estimated population (2001, 2015) Po = base year population (1991 2001 population figure) r = growth rate (2.1%) n = annual population growth t = number of years projecting for *The formula given for the population estimate was developed by the researcher In evaluating the socio economic implications of change, the effect of observed changes in the land use and land cover between 1972 and 2001 were used as major criteria. CHAPTER FOUR DATA ANALYSIS 4.0 Introduction The objective of this study forms the basis of all the analysis carried out in this chapter. The results are presented inform of maps, charts and statistical tables. They include the static, change and projected land use land cover of each class. 4.1 Land Use Land Cover Distribution The static land use land cover distribution for each study year as derived from the maps are presented in the table below LANDUSE/LAND COVER CATEGORIES 1972 1986 2001 AREA (Ha.) AREA (%) AREA (Ha.) AREA (%) AREA (Ha.) AREA (%) FARM LAND 2437.62723 25 7965.5733 8 14068.4949 15 WASTE LAND 41436.7713 43 55561.149 59 50317.263 52 BUILT-UP LAND 2198.2734 2 9702.8136 10 10815.921 11 FOREST LAND 11036.494 12 21393.0405 22 19960.2315 21 WATER BODY 16874.6562 18 1326.8916 1 787.5576 1 TOTAL 95949.468 100 95949.468 100 95949.468 100 Table 4.1 Land Use Land Cover Distribution (1972, 1986, 2001) The figures presented in table 4.1 above represents the static area of each land use land cover category for each study year. Built-up in 1972 occupies the least class with just 2% of the total classes. This may not be unconnected to the fact that the town (Ilorin) was made the state capital in MAP I. Derived from landsat image of Ilorin in 1972 1967 which is just five years old from the date of creation to the date the image was taken. Also, farming seems to be practiced moderately, occupying 25% of the total classes. This may be due to the fact that the city is just moving away from the rather traditional setting where farming seems to form the basis for living. Apart from this, the time of the year in which the area was imaged which happens to fall within the onset of hamattan could also be a major contributing factor to the observed classification, contributing to the high percentage of waste land an d the low percentage of forest land. Water body also seems to be arbitrarily exaggerated in the classification due to the aforementioned problem in section 3.5 In 1986, waste land still occupies the highest class with 59% of the total class, taking up more than half of the total classes. Furthermore, the high percentage may be due to the season of the year as mentioned in the last paragraph. Water body takes up the least percentage in the total class. The pattern of land use land cover distribution in 2001 also follows the pattern in 1986. Waste land still occupies a major part of the total land but there exist an increase by half in the total farm land. Still, water body maintains the least position in the classes whilst built-up occupies 11% of the total class. 4.2 Land Consumption Rate and Absorption Coefficient YEAR LAND CONSUMPTION RATE YEAR LAND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT 1972 0.005 1972/86 0.09 1986 0.02 86/2001 0.005 2001 0.01 Table 4.2.1 YEAR POPULATION FIGURE SOURCE 1977 400,000 EPLAN GROUP 1977 1984 480,000 OYEGUN 1986 2001 689,700 RESEARCHERS ESTIMATE Table 4.2.2 Population figure of Ilorin in 1977, 1984 and 2001 It should be noted here that the closest year population available to each study year as shown above were used in generating both the Land Consumption Rates and the Land Absorption Coefficients as given in table 4.2.1 4.3 Land Use Land Cover Change: Trend, Rate and Magnitude LANDUSE/LAND COVER CATEGORIES 1972 1986 1986 2001 ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE AREA (Ha.) PERCE TAGE CHANGE AREA (Ha.) PERCENT AGE CHA NGE 72 86 86 2001 FARM LAND -16410.699 -17 6102.9216 7 14068.4949 1.05 WASTE LAND 14124.3777 16 -5243886 -7 50317.263 -1.05 BUILT-UP LAND 7504.5402 8 1113.1074 1 10815.921 0.15 FOREST LAND 4518.3838 10 -1432.809 -1 19960.2315 -0.15 WATER BODY 16874.6562 -17 -539.334 0 787.5576 0 Table 4.3 Land use land cover change of Ilorin and its environs: 1972, 1986 and 2001 From table 4.3, there seems to be a negative change i.e. a reduction in farm land between 1972 and 1986. This may not be unconnected to the change in the economic base of the city from farming to other white collar jobs as a result of the creation of Kwara State in 1967 in which Ilorin was made the state capital. Subsequently, built-up land increased by 8% while both forest land and waste land both increased by 10% and 16% respectively. Many projects were embarked on after the creation of Kwara State which also falls within the oil boom era of the 1970s and this attracted a lot of people to the area thus contributing to the physical expansion of the city as evident in the increased land consumption rate from 0.005 to 0.02 and land absorption coefficient by 0.09 between 1972 and 1986. Many of these projects include the Army barracks at Sobi, Adewole Housing Estate, the International Airport, Niger River Basin Authority Headquarters, University of Ilorin among many others which all encouraged migration into the city. The period between 1986 and 2001 witnessed a drop in the rate at which the physical expansion of the city was going as against 1972 and 1986. For instance, the built-up land only increased by 1% as against the 8% increase between 1972 and 1986. This is also evident in the drop observed in the land absorption coefficient from 0.09 between 1972 and 1986. In deed, the austerity measure known as (SAP) introduced into the country at this period to restore the countrys economy could be a major factor to what was witnessed at this period. Also, there was a general increase of 7% in farm land which is evident in the 7% reduction of waste land and 1% reduction of forest land. This may be as a result of the shift back towards farming after the initial excitement of the oil boom which attracted many people from farming to white collar jobs. Furthermore, water body seems to remain at 1% though there are slight differences in the total hectare between this period. This was not so in 1972 because Asa river was not yet dammed which was the case in the period between 1986 and 2001 as shown in the maps. MAP II. Derived from landsat image of Ilorin in 1986 4.4 Nature and Location of Change in Land Use Land Cover An important aspect of change detection is to determine what is actually changing to what i.e. which land use class is changing to the other. This information will reveal both the desirable and undesirable changes and classes that are relatively stable overtime. This information will also serve as a vital tool in management decisions. This process involves a pixel to pixel comparison of the study year images through overlay. In terms of location of change, the emphasis is on built-up land. Map IV shows this change between 1972 and 1986. The observation here is that there seem to exist a growth away from the city center following the concentric theory of city growth postulated by Christaller (1933). Although the pattern seems to be uniform, there exist more growth MAP III. Derived from landsat image of Ilorin in 2001 towards the south western part of the city comprising of the Asa dam area, Adewole Estate and Airport. Between 1986 and 2001 as shown in Map V, there exist dra stic reductions in the spatial expansion of the city. The only noticeable growths are on the edges of the developed areas of 1986 built-up land. For the projected change as shown in Map VI, the edges of built-up land seems to have been filled up with developments by 2001 leaving the only noticeable developments to areas around the city center. These therefore suggest that there might be a high level of compactness in Ilorin by 2015. On the other hand, looking at the nature of change under stability i.e. areas with no change and instability- loss or gain by each class between 1972 and 1986 particularly in the change in hectares as observable in table 4.1, stability seems to be a relative term as no class is actually stable during this period except when observed from the percentage change. Thus, between 1972 and 1986, farm land has a loss of 17% but gained by 7% between 1986 and 2001. Waste land on the other hand gained by 16% between 1972 and 1986 but lost by 7% between 1986 and 2001. Built-up land increased i.e. gained by 8% between 1972 and 1986 which is incomparable with the reduced increase of 1% between 1986 and 2001. Forest land gained by 10% between 1972 and 1986 but lost by 1% between 1986 and 2001, while water body being arbitrarily exaggerated in 1972 could not be compared with 1986 but there exist a relative stability in this class between 1986 and 2001 as evident in the 0% increase shown in the table. MAP IV. Derived from the overlay of 1972 and 1986 Land use land cover map MAP V. Derived from the overlay of 1986 and 2001 Land use land cover map 4.5 Transition Probability Matrix The transition probability matrix records the probability that each land cover category will change to the other category. This matrix is produced by the multiplication of each column in the transition probability matrix be the number of cells of corresponding land use in the later image. For the 5 by 5 matrix table presented below, the rows represent the older land cover categories and the column represents the newer categories. Although this matrix can be used as a direct input for specification of the prior probabilities in maximum likelihood classification of the remotely sensed imagery, it was however used in predicting land use land cover of 2015. CLASSES FARM LAND WASTE LAND BUILT-UP LAND FOREST LAND WATER BODY FARM LAND 0.1495 0.5553 0.0885 0.1969 0.0097 WASTE LAND 0.1385 0.5132 0.1735 0.1692 0.0057 BUILT-UP LAND 0.0471 0.3902 0.5029 0.0507 0.0090 FOREST LAND 0.2163 0.4050 0.0501 0.3203 0.0083 WATER BODY 0.1682 0.4378 0.0633 0.3174 0.0133 Table 4.5: Transitional Probability table derived from the land use land cover map of 1986 and 2001 Row categories represent land use land cover classes in 2001 whilst column categories represent 2015 classes. As seen from the table, farm land has a 0.1495 probability of remaining farm land and a 0.5553 of changing to waste land in 2015. This therefore shows an undesirable change (reduction), with a probability of change which is much higher than stability. Waste land during this period will likely maintain its position as the highest class with a 0.5132 probability of remaining waste land in 2015.Built-up land also has a probability as high as 0.5029 to remain as built-up land in 2015 which signifies stability. On the other hand, the 0.4050 probability of change from forest land to waste land shows that there might likely be a high level of instability in forest land during this period. Water body which is the last class has a 0.0133 probability of remaining as water body and a 0.4378 probability of changing to waste land; which may not however be a true projection of this class except there is an occurrence of drought in the region. 4.6 Land Use Land Cover Projection for 2015 LAND USE LAND COVER CLASSES FARM LAND WASTE LAND BUIL-UP LAND FOREST LAND WATER BODY 2015 AREA IN HECTARES 16583.5458 47432.4759 11026.456 20397.8718 509.1183 AREA IN PERCENTAGE 17 50 11 21 1 Table 4.6: Projected Land use land cover for 2015 The table above shows the statistic of land use land cover projection for 2015. Comparing the percentage representations of this table and that of table 4.1, there exist similarities in the observed distribution particularly in 2001. This may tend to suggest no change in the classes between 2001 and 2015, but a careful look at the area in hectares between these two tables shows a change though meager. Thus in table 4.6, waste land still maintains the highest position in the class whilst water body retains its least position. Forest land takes up the next position, followed by built-up land and finally, farm land. As seen in Map VI, there is likely to be compactness in Ilorin by 2015 which signifies crowdedness. MAP VI. Derived from the 1986 and 2001 land use land cover map MAP VII. Derived from the overlay of 2001 and 2015 Land use land cover map CHAPTER FIVE 5.1 Findings, Implications and Recommendations ÃÆ'ËÅ" There is likely going to be crowdedness brought by compactness in Ilorin come 2015. This situation will have negative implications in the area because of the associated problems of crowdedness like crime and easy spread of diseases. It is therefore suggested that encouragement should be given to people to build towards the outskirts through the provision of incentives and forces of attraction that are available at the city center in these areas. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Indeed, between the period of 1986 and 2001, there has been a reduction in the spatial expansion of Ilorin compared to the period between 1972 and 1986. There is a possibility of continual reduction in this state over the next 14yrs. This may therefore suggest that the city has reduced in producing functions that attracted migration into the area. Indeed, there have been many defunct industries within this period. It is therefore suggested here that Kwara State government should encourage investors both local and foreig n and more importantly, see how the defunct industries will come up again. ÃÆ'ËÅ" After the initial reduction in farm land between 1972 and 1986, the city has witnessed a steady growth in this class and in deed, may continue in this trend in 2001/2015. For this projection to be realistic, it suggested here that a deliberate attempt should be made by the State government to achieve this since this will lead to food security and more importantly, it will be a source of revenue to the State. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Waste land seems to be reducing between 1986 and 2001 and between 2001 and 2015 thus signifying a desirable change. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Forest land has been steady in reduction between 1986 and 2001 and in deed; this may likely be the trend 2001/2015. It will be in the good of the State and in deed, the Nation as a whole if the moderate reduction in forest land observed in-between 1986 and 2001 which is also projected by 2015 is upheld. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Land consumption rate which is a measure of compactness which indicates a progressive spatial expansion of a city was high in 1972/86 but drop between 1986 and 2001 and this drop is also anticipated before 2015. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Also, land absorption coefficient being a measure of consumption of new urban land by each unit increase in urban population which was high between 1972 and 1986, reduced between 1986 and 2001. This therefore suggests that the rate at which new lands are acquired for development is low. This may also be the trend in 2001/2015 as there seems to be concentration of development at the city center rather than expanding towards the outskirts. This may be as a result of peoples reluctance to move away from the center of activities to the outskirts of the city. 5.2 Summary and Conclusion This research work demonstrates the ability of GIS and Remote Sensing in capturing spatial-temporal data. Attempt was made to capture as accurate as possible five land use land cover classes as they change through time. Except for the inability to accurately map out water body in 1972 due to the aforementioned limitation, the five classes were distinctly produced for each study year but with more emphasis on built-up land as it is a combination of anthropogenic activities that make up this class; and indeed, it is one that affects the other classes. In achieving this, Land Consumption Rate and Land Absorption Coefficient were introduced into the research work. An attempt was also made at generating a formula for estimating population growth using the recommended National Population Commission 2.1% growth rate. However, the result of the work shows a rapid growth in built-up land between 1972 and 1986 while the periods between 1986 and 2001 witnessed a reduction in this class. It was also observed that change by 2015 may likely follow the trend in 1986/2001 all things being equal. REFERENCES Adeniyi P.O and Omojola A. 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